Abstract

In the "N.D. and N.T. v. Spain" judgment of 3 October 2017, the European Court of Human Rights held by unanimity that the pushback of migrants at the Spanish-Maroccan land border in Melilla integrates a violation of the prohibition of collective expulsion of aliens established under Article 4 of Protocol No. 4 and a violation of the right to an effective remedy established under Article 13 of the European Convention on Human Rights read together with Article 4 of Protocol No. 4.