Abstract

The paper deals with the origin, diffusion, causes and consequences of current low fertility, in Italy as well as in an increasing number of countries in both the rich north and the poor south of the world. More specifically, the question of the historical transition from a régime of high and instinctual natural fertility, to a régime of low controlled fertility is adressed, and the main social and economic consequences are discussed. Attention is given also to the nature of policies aimed at inverting the declining trend of births, their limitations, and the prerequisites for a possible success, albeit a limited one, and delayed in time.