Abstract

In liberal Italy public managers were an integral part of the nation's elites. The aristocracy was an important component, but many were co-opted into public administration due to their skills. These elites had a significant European projection, both at the training stage and through participation in international conferences or membership of transnational organizations, which arose in large numbers between the 19th and 20th centuries. In this way intellectual and technical elites from many countries had the opportunity to meet and collaborate