Abstract

In the mid-16th century, transparent rock-crystal cases allowed the entire clock’s gears to be visible, transforming cogs and springs into objects with both symbolic and aesthetic value: gears suddenly became wonders enclosed in precious rock-crystal cases, akin to holy relics. Among the major elements contributing to the ennoblement of gears were: 1. Antiquarianism: inspiration from ancient machines, such as Archimedes’s mythical crystal planetary instrument, captivated humanists and powerful princes. 2. Gears represented ingenuity, viewed as a divine gift reflecting God’s creation, the Machina Mundi. 3. Since the early 16th century, rare tiny watches crafted by skilled goldsmiths were encased in traditional precious ornaments like golden pendants, pomanders, and rings, serving as substitutes for gems and pearls